Manipulation of breast cell tissue with the aim of calculating Young's modulus, using Tatara contact theory and atomic force microscopy

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Moein Taheri ¹
• hamed faraji ²
• Peyman Karimi ³

¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran.

² Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak

³ Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran.

10.22067/jacsm.2023.80537.1156

Abstract

Atomic force microscopy is a powerful and precise tool for identifying particle properties and studying intermolecular forces, surface topography, and particle manipulation in the micro-nano dimension. Nanomanipulation is one process that makes good use of this tool. Today, with advances in science and technology, manipulation is used to modify and manufacture the properties of materials, produce more valuable medical components and fewer raw materials, alter the structure of living cells and much more. We are working at the nanoscale. Therefore, in this study, we used atomic force microscopy to investigate the mechanical properties of breast cancer tissue during the nanomanipulation process. By considering the changes induced by the displacement force, force curves and penetration depths are plotted over time. Given the importance of nanoparticle-particle contact and the tatara contact model and breast cancer tissue geometry, simulations were performed to extract the Young's modulus. Experimental experiments and experimental charts were also performed to verify the agreement between the results of the simulation process based on atomic force microscopy. Finally, using the comparisons made in this study and considering the tatara contact model, a range of 2–2.5 kPa was calculated for breast cancer tissue volume.

Keywords

• Cancerous tissue
• contact model
• nanomanipulation
• atomic force microscopy

Main Subjects

• Robotics

---

References

[1] J.O. de Beeck, N. Labyedh, A. Sepúlveda, V. Spampinato, A. Franquet, T. Conard, P.M. Vereecken, and U. Celano, “Direct imaging and manipulation of ionic diffusion in mixed electronic–ionic conductors,” Nanoscale, vol. 10, no. 26, pp. 12564-12572, 2018.

[2] H. Habibullah, H.R. PotaIan, R. Petersen, and M.S. Rana, “Tracking of triangular reference signals using LQG  controllers for lateral positioning of an AFM scanner stage,” IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1105-1114, 2013.

[3] K. Irani, R. Kolahchi, M. Sedighi, H. Naderi-Manesh, and A. Allahverdi, “Detection of Lung Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomes in Microfluidic Platform via Immunofluorescence,” Iranian Journal of Biology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 225-238, 2020.

[4] S. Kim, F. Shafiei, D. Ratchford, and X. Li, “Controlled AFM manipulation of small nanoparticles and assembly of hybrid nanostructures,” Nanotechnology, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 115301, 2014.

[5] M.H. Korayem, A. Homayooni, “Non-classic multi scale analysis of 2D-manipulation with AFM based on modified couple stress theory,” Computational Materials Science, vol. 114, pp. 33-39, 2016.

[6] M.H. Korayem, R.N. Hefzabad, A. Homayooni, and H. Aslani, “Molecular dynamics simulation of nanomanipulation based on AFM in liquid ambient,” Applied Physics A, vol. 122, no. 11, pp. 1-10, 2016.

[7] M.H. Korayem, A.H. Korayem, M. Taheri, and S. Rafee nekoo, “Control of AFM nano–robot based on sliding mode control method in different biological environments,” Modares Mechanical Engineering, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 369-377, 2017. (In Persian)

[8] M.H. Korayem, H. Khaksar, and M. Taheri, “Modeling of contact theories for the manipulation of biological micro/nanoparticles in the form of circular crowned rollers based on the atomic force microscope,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 114, no. 18, pp. 183715, 2013.

[9] M.H. Korayem, Z. Rastegar, “Application of  Nano-Contact Mechanics Models in Manipulation of Biological Nano-Particle: FE Simulation,” International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 35-50, 2012.

[10] M.H. Korayem, Z. Rastegar, “Experimental Characterization of MCF-10A Normal Cells Using AFM: Comparison with MCF-7 Cancer Cells,” Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 109, 2019.

[11] S.C. Lieber, N. Aubry, J. Pain, G. Diaz, S.J. Kim, and S.F. Vatner, “Aging increases stiffness of cardiac myocytes measured by atomic force microscopy nanoindentation,” American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 287, no. 2, pp. 645-651, 2004.

[12] S.N. Mahmoodi, N. Jalili, “Non-linear vibrations and frequency response analysis of piezoelectrically driven microcantilevers,” International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 577-587, 2007.

[13] A.B. Mathur, A.M. Collinsworth, W.M. Reichert, W.E. Kraus, and G.A. Truskey, “Endothelial, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle exhibit different viscous and elastic properties as determined by atomic force microscopy,” Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 1545-1553, 2001.

[14] M. Nguyen, S. Kim, T.T. Tran, Z.Q. Xu, M. Kianinia, M. Toth, and A. Aharonovic, “Nanoassembly of quantum emitters in hexagonal boron nitride and gold nanospheres,” Nanoscale, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 2267-2274, 2018.

[15] Y. Shen, M. Nakajima, M.R. Ahmad, S. Kojima, M. Homma, and T. Fukuda, “Effect of ambient humidity on the strength of the adhesion force of single yeast cell inside environmental-SEM,” Ultramicroscopy, vol. 111, no. 8, pp. 1176-1183, 2011.

[16] A. Tafazzoli, M. Sitti, “Dynamic behavior and simulation of nanoparticle sliding during nanoprobe-based positioning,” In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, vol. 47063, USA, (2004).

[17] A. Tafazzoli, Ch. Pawashe, and M. Sitti, “Atomic force microscope based two-dimensional assemblyof micro/nanoparticles,” The 6th IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Task Planning: From Nano to Macro Assembly and Manufacturing (ISATP), Canada, (2005).

[18] Y. Tatara, “On compression of rubber elastic sphere over a large range of displacements—part 1: theoretical  study,” Journal Engineering  Mater. Technology, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 285-291, 1991.

[19] Y. Wang, Y. Shen, B. Li, Sh. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and J. Hu, “Nanomanipulation of Individual DNA Molecules Covered by Single-Layered Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets on a Solid Substrate,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 612-617, 2017.

[20] Y. Wang, Ch. Xu, N. Jiang, L. Zheng, J. Zeng, C. Qiu, H. Yang, and S. Xie, “Quantitative analysis of the cell‐surface roughness and viscoelasticity for breast cancer cells discrimination using atomic force microscopy,” Scanning, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 558-563, 2016.

[21] A. Zarepour, M. Rafieenia, “Design, synthesis, characterization and bioactivity evaluation of polyglycerol-grafted Fe3O4 nanoparticles,” Cellular and Molecular Researches, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 80-91, 2016.

[22] M.H. Korayem, H. Badkoobehhezaveh, and M. Taheri, “Experimental Determination of HT29 Cancerous Cell Surface Roughness by Atomic Force Microscopy to be Applied in Nanomanipulation,” Journal Of Applied and Computational Sciences in Mechanics, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 111-122, 2017.

[23] M. Kharazmi, M. Zakeri, J. Faraji, and K. Osouli, “Modelling of Atomic Force Microscopic Nano Robot’s Friction Force on Rough Surfaces,” 9th International Conference on Nanotechnology, Turkey, September 6-7,(2018).

[24] S.V. Kontomaris, A. Stylianou, A. Georgakopoulos, and A. Malamou, “3D AFM Nanomechanical Characterization of Biological Materials,” Nanomaterials, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 395, 2023.

[25] Y.M. Efremov, T. Okajima, and A. Raman, “Measuring viscoelasticity of soft biological samples using atomic force microscopy,” Soft matter journal, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 64-81, 2020.

[26] M. Taheri, “Investigation of the Effect of Different Friction Models On Experimental Extraction of 3D Nanomanipulation Force and Critical Time of Colon Cancer Tissue,” Amirkabir Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 791-804, 2022.‏ (In Persian)

[27] M. Taheri, “Investigation of New Friction Models in Two-Dimensional Manipulation of Gastric Cancer Tissue,” Journal of Applied and Computational Sciences in Mechanics, 2022.‏ (In Persian)

[28] P. Heidari, M. Salehi, B. Ruhani, V. Purcar, and S. Căprărescu, “Influence of Thin Film Deposition on AFM Cantilever Tips in Adhesion and Young’s Modulus of MEMS Surfaces,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 2102, 2022.‏

[29] F. Fereiduni, M. Taheri, and M. Modabberifar, “Investigation of the effect of different parameters on force in the second phase of two-dimensional nanomanipulation,” Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 23-31, 2021.‏ (In Persian)

[30] M.H. Korayem, M. Taheri, H. Khaksar, and S.H. Bathaee, “Using Micro/Nano Scale Contact Models in 3D Manipulation of Deformation of Au Particles Under Angular Effect,” Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 33-43, 2020.‏ (In Persian)